The science of learning and thinking behind Toku - An Exam Bytes Academy Product

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Toku science topic

Executive function, focus and control

The mental control skills involved in holding information, resisting distraction, switching strategy and staying with a hard problem.

Explore working memory, cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control, and how these abilities relate to learning across reading, mathematics and science.

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Research used in this topic

longitudinal2019

Kindergarten children's executive functions predict their second-grade academic achievement and behavior

Paul L. Morgan et al. · Child Development

The ability to hold a goal, switch perspective and resist distractions is connected with learning across more than one school subject.

What the research found

Working memory, cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control in kindergarten predicted later reading, mathematics and science achievement in a large longitudinal sample.

longitudinal2008

Short-term memory, working memory, and executive functioning in preschoolers: longitudinal predictors of mathematical achievement at age 7 years

Rebecca Bull, Kimberly A. Espy & Sandra A. Wiebe · Developmental Neuropsychology

Holding information in mind, inhibiting distractions and controlling attention are relevant to the development of academic problem solving.

What the research found

Preschool working-memory and executive-function measures predicted later mathematics performance in the longitudinal sample.

experiment1988

Cognitive load during problem solving: effects on learning

John Sweller · Cognitive Science

If too much mental effort is spent on basic steps, less capacity may remain for the part of the problem that is new.

What the research found

The importance of working-memory demands and schema acquisition when designing learning tasks.

review2007

Working memory, math performance, and math anxiety

Mark H. Ashcraft & Jeremy A. Krause · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

Harder maths places demands on working memory, which is one reason accessible foundational knowledge can matter.

What the research found

Mathematical performance beyond simple fact retrieval depends strongly on working memory, and mathematics anxiety can consume cognitive resources.