experiment2006
Test-enhanced learning: taking memory tests improves long-term retention
Henry L. Roediger III & Jeffrey D. Karpicke · Psychological Science
review2011
The critical role of retrieval practice in long-term retention
Henry L. Roediger III & Andrew C. Butler · Trends in Cognitive Sciences
meta-analysis2017
Rethinking the use of tests: a meta-analysis of practice testing
Olusola O. Adesope, Dominic A. Trevisan & Narayankripa Sundararajan · Review of Educational Research
systematic-review2021
Retrieval practice consistently benefits student learning: a systematic review of applied research in schools and classrooms
Pooja K. Agarwal, Ludmila D. Nunes & Janell R. Blunt · Educational Psychology Review
meta-analysis2006
Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: a review and quantitative synthesis
Nicholas J. Cepeda et al. · Psychological Bulletin
review2016
Spaced repetition promotes efficient and effective learning
Sean H. K. Kang · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
experiment2007
The shuffling of mathematics problems improves learning
Doug Rohrer & Kelli Taylor · Instructional Science
experiment2015
Interleaved practice improves mathematics learning
Doug Rohrer, Robert F. Dedrick & Sandra Stershic · Journal of Educational Psychology
review2007
The power of feedback
John Hattie & Helen Timperley · Review of Educational Research
meta-analysis2020
The power of feedback revisited: a meta-analysis of educational feedback research
Benedikt Wisniewski, Klaus Zierer & John Hattie · Frontiers in Psychology
evidence-guidance2026
Feedback
Education Endowment Foundation · Teaching and Learning Toolkit
experiment1988
Cognitive load during problem solving: effects on learning
John Sweller · Cognitive Science
review2007
Working memory, math performance, and math anxiety
Mark H. Ashcraft & Jeremy A. Krause · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
longitudinal2011
Fact retrieval deficits in low achieving children and children with mathematical learning disability
David C. Geary et al. · Journal of Learning Disabilities
meta-analysis2011
Meta-analysis of mathematic basic-fact fluency interventions: a component analysis
Robin S. Codding, Matthew K. Burns & Gracia Lukito · Learning Disabilities Research & Practice
meta-analysis2026
A meta-analysis of mathematics fact fluency interventions for students in kindergarten through grade 6
Gabrielle P. Douglas et al. · Journal of Learning Disabilities
neuroimaging2012
Hippocampal-prefrontal engagement and dynamic causal interactions in the maturation of children’s fact retrieval
Soohyun Cho et al. · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
neuroimaging2014
Hippocampal-neocortical functional reorganization underlies children’s cognitive development
Shaozheng Qin et al. · Nature Neuroscience
review1998
Assessment and classroom learning
Paul Black & Dylan Wiliam · Assessment in Education
meta-analysis1990
Effectiveness of mastery learning programs: a meta-analysis
Chen-Lin C. Kulik, James A. Kulik & Robert L. Bangert-Drowns · Review of Educational Research
review2011
Making things hard on yourself, but in a good way: creating desirable difficulties to enhance learning
Elizabeth L. Bjork & Robert A. Bjork · Psychology and the Real World
experiment2007
Effects of math anxiety and perfectionism on timed versus untimed math testing in mathematically gifted sixth graders
Joanne M. Tsui & Michele M. M. Mazzocco · Roeper Review
meta-analysis2021
Effects of gamification on behavioral change in education: a meta-analysis
Jihyun Kim & colleagues · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
meta-analysis2023
Examining the effectiveness of gamification as a tool promoting teaching and learning in educational settings: a meta-analysis
Ming Li et al. · Frontiers in Psychology
evidence-guidance2026
Metacognition and self-regulation
Education Endowment Foundation · Teaching and Learning Toolkit
evidence-guidance2017
Improving Mathematics in Key Stages 2 and 3
Education Endowment Foundation · Guidance Report
policy2021
Mathematics programmes of study: key stages 1 and 2
Department for Education · National curriculum in England
experiment2019
The unique contributions of verbal analogical reasoning and nonverbal matrix reasoning to science and maths problem-solving in adolescence
Annie Brookman-Byrne et al. · Mind, Brain, and Education
experiment2011
Connecting instances to promote children's relational reasoning
Ji Y. Son, Linda B. Smith & Robert L. Goldstone · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
experiment2016
Inducing mental set constrains procedural flexibility and conceptual understanding in mathematics
Marci S. DeCaro · Memory & Cognition
experiment2010
Productive failure in mathematical problem solving
Manu Kapur · Instructional Science
experiment2020
Gaining mathematical understanding: the effects of creative mathematical reasoning and cognitive proficiency
Bert Jonsson, Carina Granberg & Johan Lithner · Frontiers in Psychology
longitudinal2008
Short-term memory, working memory, and executive functioning in preschoolers: longitudinal predictors of mathematical achievement at age 7 years
Rebecca Bull, Kimberly A. Espy & Sandra A. Wiebe · Developmental Neuropsychology
longitudinal2019
Kindergarten children's executive functions predict their second-grade academic achievement and behavior
Paul L. Morgan et al. · Child Development
longitudinal2017
Fluid reasoning predicts future mathematical performance among children and adolescents
Caroline T. Green et al. · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
experiment2018
Two-year-olds can socially learn to think divergently
Elena Hoicka et al. · British Journal of Developmental Psychology
experiment2021
Impact of divergent thinking training on teenagers' emotion and self-efficacy
Bing Zuo et al. · Frontiers in Psychology
experiment2025
What is the effect of the Informed Health Choices secondary school intervention on the ability of students in Rwanda to think critically about health choices after one-year follow-up?
Michael Mugisha et al. · Trials
neuroimaging2017
Neuroscientific insights into the development of analogical reasoning
Kirstie J. Whitaker et al. · Developmental Science